Causes and solutions to reduce crude oil voyage losses
Abstract
The management of crude oil voyage losses in stages, including load, ship and discharge, is highly practical and in accordance with international practice, requiring close co-ordination among parties including field owners, suppliers, transportation operators, inspection agencies and refineries. This article assesses the current situation of crude oil voyage losses management in Vietnam and in the world, analyses the causes of crude oil losses as well as provides solutions to mitigate and prevent these losses.
References
2. Paul Harrison. Global crude oil vogage losses show small decrease in 2017. Petroleum Review. 2018.
3. Rohi Bhatia, John Dinwoodie. Daily oil losses in shipping crude oil: measuring crude oil loss rates in daily North Sea shipping operations. Energy Policy. 2004; 32(6): p. 811 - 822.
4. Paul Harrison. Marine crude oil transport. Petroleum Review. 2011 - 2013.
4. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 17: Marine measurement, Section 4: Method for quantification of small volumes on marine vesels. American Petroleum Institute. 1994.
5. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 17: Marine measurement, Section 9: Vessel Experience Factor (VEF). American Petroleum Institute. 2012.
6. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 8: Sampling. American Petroleum Institute. 2002.
7. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 8: Sampling, Section 1: Standard practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products. American Petroleum Institute. 1995.
8. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 8: Sampling, Section 2: Standard practice for automatic sampling of petroleum and petroleum products. American Petroleum Institute. 1995.
9. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 8: Sampling, Section 3: Standard practice for mixing and handling of liquid sample petroleum and petroleum products. American Petroleum Institute. 1995.
10. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 7: Temperature determination. American Petroleum Institute. 2001.
11. API. Manual of petroleum measurement standards, Chapter 9: Density determination. American Petroleum Institute. 2002.

1. The Author assigns all copyright in and to the article (the Work) to the Petrovietnam Journal, including the right to publish, republish, transmit, sell and distribute the Work in whole or in part in electronic and print editions of the Journal, in all media of expression now known or later developed.
2. By this assignment of copyright to the Petrovietnam Journal, reproduction, posting, transmission, distribution or other use of the Work in whole or in part in any medium by the Author requires a full citation to the Journal, suitable in form and content as follows: title of article, authors’ names, journal title, volume, issue, year, copyright owner as specified in the Journal, DOI number. Links to the final article published on the website of the Journal are encouraged.