Synthesis of emulsified fuels from biomass pyrolysis oil and diesel
Abstract
Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis is highly viscous and acidic, and has a slow ignition behaviour as it contains a sub- stantial amount of water. To overcome these problems, bio-oil was emulsified in commercial diesel fuel using continuous static mixer system. The authors examined the conditions of the emulsification process, including surfactant type, bio-oil pre-treatment process, surfactant concentration, system temperature, residence time and the ratio of bio-oil/diesel. The test results showed that bio-oil should be pre-treated by adding water and removing the insoluble part before emulsi- fication. The formation of stable emulsions required a mixture of Span-80/Tween-80 surfactant with HLB (hydrophilic- lipophilic balance) at 6 - 7, surfactant concentration of 11 wt%, pre-treated bio-oil of 10 wt% and residence time of about 3 seconds with a 3-metre-long static mixer, at room temperature.
The properties of the bio-oil/diesel emulsion such as heating value, kinematic viscosity, water content, density, cloud point, flash point and ash content were characterised. The as-prepared emulsion fuel was also tested and compared with mineral-based diesel oil on one-cylinder diesel engine model to estimate the impact of fuel on engine efficiency and gas emissions. The results showed that emulsion fuelling led to a decrease in NOx, CO2 emissions of 12.55% and 6.11% respectively compared to those of mineral-based diesel.
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